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ORIGINAL PAPER
Human activity in the surroundings of a former mill pond (Turznice, N Poland): implications for soil classification and environmental hazard assessment
 
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1
Faculty of Agronomy and Bioengineereing, Department of Soil Science and Land Protection, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Polska
 
2
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Spatial Management, Department of Soil Science and Landscape Management, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Polska
 
3
Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, Department of Soil Science and Land Reclamation, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Polska
 
 
Submission date: 2020-09-01
 
 
Final revision date: 2020-11-25
 
 
Acceptance date: 2020-12-11
 
 
Online publication date: 2021-02-10
 
 
Publication date: 2021-02-10
 
 
Corresponding author
Łukasz Mendyk   

Faculty of Agronomy and Bioengineereing, Department of Soil Science and Land Protection, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Szydłowska St. 50, 60-656, Poznań, Polska
 
 
Soil Sci. Ann., 2020, 71(4), 371-381
 
KEYWORDS
ABSTRACT
Growing human impact on the environment, including soil, is being reflected in the evolution of soil classification systems, which include adjustments to enable the proper and complex classification of anthropogenic soils. An example of human-changed landscapes is molinotopes, where soils and other landscape elements were altered due to the construction and operation of water mills. Four soil profiles were selected in the immediate surroundings of a former mill pond in Turznice village (the Grudziądz Basin, N Poland), where specific anthropogenic soils were formed. The aims of the study were: 1) to determine the systematic position of the studied soils in relation to their human-impacted genesis, and 2) to assess the status of pollution by toxic metals including Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn. Profiles 1, 2 and 3 were formed under undisputedly strong human influence, as revealed by their morphological features (i.e. artefacts, clear and abrupt horizon boundaries), basic properties (irregular changes of TOC not connected with natural soil-forming processes), selected heavy-metal contents and values of applied pollution index (enrichment with heavy metals in samples collected from horizons developed due to human activity). These profiles were classified as aggerosols (newly introduced soil type within the order of technogenic soils) according to PSC (2019) or Phaeozems (profiles 1 and 2) and Arenosol (profile 3). While the systematic position of these pedons according to PSC (2019) is a direct result of their anthropogenic genesis, only the Relocatic qualifier indicates such an influence according to WRB (IUSS, 2015). Profile 4, representing quasi-natural pedon in the vicinity of the former mill pond, was classified as arenosol) according to PSC (2019) and as Phaeozem according to WRB (IUSS, 2015). In regards to both national and international regulations, the collected soil samples are considered to be unpolluted by the studied heavy metals. The obtained results expand our knowledge of the soil cover evolution induced with human activities around former mill ponds and could be useful in the complex assessment of landscape classification.
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