ORIGINAL PAPER
Assessment of soil cone index in agricultural land on the slope of Mount Lawu, Indonesia
1
Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami No. 36, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia
2
Agrotechnology Department, Faculty of Agro Industry, Mercu Buana University, Jl. Raya Wates-Yogyakarta, Bantul, 55752, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia
3
Agrotechnology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami No. 36, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia
4
Agronomy Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami No. 36, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia
5
Environmental Science Department, Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry, Quyết Thắng, Thành phố Thái Nguyên 24119, Thai Nguyen Province, Vietnam
Submission date: 2025-04-29
Final revision date: 2025-07-25
Acceptance date: 2025-08-26
Online publication date: 2025-08-26
Publication date: 2025-08-26
Corresponding author
Mujiyo Mujiyo
Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture,, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami No 36A, 57126, Surakarta, Indonesia
Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture,, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami No 36A, 57126, Surakarta, Indonesia
Soil Sci. Ann., 2025, 76(4)
KEYWORDS
ABSTRACT
Soil compaction is a major issue causing a significant threat to agricultural land and food production. Therefore, this research aimed to identify the distribution of soil cone index (CI), assess the impact of variability in sources, determine the key soil features, and provide recommendations for land management. The survey was conducted in Slogohimo Sub-district, Wonogiri Regency, Indonesia, at an elevation of 1,541 feet on Mount Lawu, using a descriptive exploratory and laboratory analysis method. Survey and soil sampling used the ground drill and Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP) at depths ranging from 0 to 30 cm, with a 10 cm interval. The results of CI analysis showed that the condition of soil compaction ranged from high to extremely high, varying between the values of 2.58 MPa and 11.25 MPa. The high CI class covered the largest area of 2,116.83 ha (39.50%), followed by the very high with 1,324.54 ha (24.71%) and the extremely high at 1,918.13 ha (35.79%). The types of soil were also found to significantly affect soil CI. Bulk density and soil texture were positively correlated with CI, while organic carbon and moisture content showed a negative correlation. As a determining factor, the recommendation strategy was to add organic matter and proper land management for CI optimization to a moderate level, thereby supporting land productivity.
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