ORIGINAL PAPER
Micromorphological, submicromorphological and chemical indicators of pedogenesis in Spolic Technosols developed at historical mining and metallurgical sites in the Tatra Mountains, southern Poland
1
Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Institute of Agriculture, Department of Soil Science, Nowoursynowska Str. 159, building no. 37, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
Submission date: 2025-08-09
Final revision date: 2025-09-24
Acceptance date: 2025-09-26
Online publication date: 2025-09-26
Publication date: 2025-09-26
Corresponding author
Magdalena Tarnawczyk
Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Institute of Agriculture, Department of Soil Science, Nowoursynowska Str. 159, building no. 37, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Institute of Agriculture, Department of Soil Science, Nowoursynowska Str. 159, building no. 37, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
Soil Sci. Ann., 2025, 76(3)211370
KEYWORDS
Spolic TechnosolsSoil-forming processesSoil micromorphologyMountain soilsHistorical miningHistorical smelting
ABSTRACT
Spolic Technosols developed from mine and metallurgical wastes in areas of historical mining and smelting activities undergo natural weathering, soil-forming and biological processes. This study presents (1) micromorphological and submicromorphological features using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, as well as (2) chemical characteristics based on selective extractions of pedogenic Fe, Al, Mn and Si in Technosols from the Tatra Mountains, southern Poland, to identify key pedogenic processes in these soils. This approach provides insight into the complex pedogenesis of Spolic Technosols in an alpine environment influenced by past industrial activity. Thirteen soil profiles were analysed, divided into three groups: (I) Technosols formed from mine wastes comprising Fe- and Mn-ore-bearing carbonate rocks (limestones and dolomites), (II) Technosols developed from mine wastes derived from polymetallic ore-bearing igneous and metamorphic rocks (granite, gneiss), and (III) Technosols containing wastes from smelting activity (e.g. metallurgical slags). Soil thin section analysis revealed the following microscale evidences of initial soil formation: (1) formation of Fe oxide pseudomorphs due to sulphide weathering; (2) formation of pedogenic structure; (3) formation of pedogenic carbonate coatings in soils developed from mine wastes composed of carbonate rocks; (4) formation of pedogenic Fe and Mn oxide coatings in acidic soils developed from mine wastes composed of crystalline rocks (granite, gneiss); (5) formation of pedogenic sulphate coatings in soils containing metallurgical wastes, and (6) bioturbations (e.g. root channels and biogenic channels filled with a material reworked by soil animals). Micromorphological observations also showed that metallurgical slags in Technosols can serve as a habitat for soil fauna (most likely nematodes or enchytraeids). Selective extractions of pedogenic Fe, Al, Mn, and Si showed (1) the release of oxalate-extractable Mn in soils developed from Mn-bearing ore mine wastes, (2) a slight mobilisation of oxalate-extractable Fe and Al in acidic Technosols developed from aluminosilicate parent material, and (3) the release of oxalate-extractable Al and Si in Technosols containing metallurgical slags. These results indicate that technogenic parent materials undergo weathering, which will most likely consequently transform the mineral composition of the studied Technosols in the future. This study contributes to expanding knowledge of Technosols and their potential ecological functions in mountain regions. It also provides insights into soil development in areas of historical mining and metallurgical activities in an alpine environment of the Tatra Mountains.
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