ORIGINAL PAPER
The impact of erosion on the spatial variability of main properties, genesis, and systematic position of soils in the Wieliczka Foothills, southern Poland – a case study from the Bemke Campus area
1
Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Department of Soil Science and Landscape Ecology, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
Submission date: 2025-05-06
Final revision date: 2025-07-11
Acceptance date: 2025-08-25
Online publication date: 2025-08-25
Publication date: 2025-08-25
Corresponding author
Marcin Świtoniak
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Spatial Management, Department of Soil Sciences and Landscape Ecology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Polska
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Spatial Management, Department of Soil Sciences and Landscape Ecology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Polska
Soil Sci. Ann., 2025, 76(3)209899
KEYWORDS
ABSTRACT
Clay-illuvial soils (PSC, 2019) and their main equivalents in the WRB classification (IUSS Working Group WRB, 2022): Luvisols and Retisols, constitute a fundamental component of Poland’s soil cover. Erosional processes, intensified in agricultural areas with diverse relief, lead to substantial transformations of their profiles. As a result of erosional truncation, these soils often become morphologically similar to brown soils (Cambisols). Previous studies from the Carpathian Foothills region indicate a significant presence of both clay-illuvial soils (Luvisols/Retisols), including eroded ones and brown soils (Cambisols). However, distinguishing between these soils can still be problematic. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of erosional processes on the spatial variability of the soil cover in the western part of the Wieliczka Foothills. In particular, the focus was on identifying the main soil types (differentiating between eroded clay-illuvial and brown soils) and relating their properties to slope morphometry and the intensity of erosional transformations. The research was conducted in the western part of the Wieliczka Foothills, on the Bemke Campus in Klecza Dolna. This area is characterized by varied topography, the presence of loess-like covers, and intensive agricultural use. All the soils studied exhibited argik (PSC, 2019) / argic (IUSS Working Group WRB, 2022) illuvial Bt horizons. In the upper, less inclined parts of the slopes, eluvial horizons have been preserved, whereas on steeper slopes the Bt horizons lie directly beneath the humus horizon. The shape of the landforms (long and straight, transfer-type slopes) limited the intensity of erosion, which resulted in the absence of completely eroded soils and the preservation of relatively good quality surface humus horizons, regardless of stage of truncation and slope position. The stocks of organic carbon in the surface layer were higher than in comparable soils of the young-glacial regions of northern Poland. The results indicate the need to expand the research to a larger area of Carpathian Foothills and to undertake more detailed comparative analyses.
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